PTSD: National Center for PTSD

Types of Trauma

These articles describe common traumas, their prevalence and potential impact on survivors, while also addressing treatment implications.

War and Military

• Traumatic Stress in Female Veterans
  Discusses stressors faced by female Veterans and reviews research on coping and VA changes in services for women.
• Military Sexual Trauma: Issue in Caring for Veterans
  Discusses the meaning, epidemiology, and psychological effects of military sexual trauma (MST) among men and women and includes information on screening for and assessing MST, as well as available treatments.
• PTSD Among Ethnic Minority Veterans
  Discusses what research has shown regarding the role of race and ethnicity as important variables for understanding PTSD, the impact of race-related stressors, and what professionals should keep in mind regarding ethnic differences.
• Psychological Trauma for American Indians Who Served in Vietnam
  Reviews findings from the Matsunaga Project in regard to readjustment experiences of American Indians who served in the Vietnam War.
• Psychological Trauma for Native Hawaiians and Americans of Japanese Ancestry Who Served in Vietnam
  Reviews findings from the Matsunaga Project in regard to readjustment experiences of Native Hawaiians and Japanese Americans who served in the Vietnam War.
• Peacekeepers and Traumatic Stress
  Discusses risk of trauma in peacekeeping situations, prevalence of PTSD in peacekeepers, and risk and resilience factors.

Disaster and Terrorism

Key Information

• Phases of Traumatic Stress Reactions Following Disaster and Mass Violence
  Describes the typical phases of reaction to disaster and mass violence, including: impact, immediate, intermediate, and long term.
• Mental Health Effects following Disaster: Risk and Resilience Factors
  Discusses the timing of disaster follow-up services, who should be referred, and what such services should include.
• Effects of Traumatic Stress after Mass Violence, Terror, or Disaster
  Discusses normal and problematic responses to disaster, including bereavement complications, acute stress disorder, PTSD symptoms, and associated problems.
• Traumatic Effects of Specific Types of Disasters
  Discusses effects of fires, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, and earthquakes, with research findings on specific major disasters that have occurred.
• Research Findings on the Traumatic Stress Effects of Terrorism
  Discusses terrorist attacks that have occurred over the past 20 years and reports some of the research findings on reactions, including PTSD.

Response and Treatment

• Working with Trauma Survivors: What Workers Need to Know
  Information regarding traumatic stress, for the people who are working with trauma survivors.
• Helping Survivors: Long-Term Treatment Interventions Following Disaster and Mass Violence
  Describes research support for trauma-focused psychotherapy and other interventions appropriate for adult disaster survivors who continue to express symptoms in the months to years following an event.
• Types of Debriefing Following Disasters
  Describes several types of debriefing following a trauma, and discusses the pros and cons of this form of mental health intervention.
• Managing Grief after Disaster
  Offers clinical advice regarding grief management after a disaster, including strategies to address traumatic grief and complications of bereavement.

Manuals and Tools

• Psychological First Aid (PFA): Field Operations Guide
  PFA is an evidence-informed modular approach for assisting people in the immediate aftermath of disaster to reduce initial distress and to foster short and long-term adaptive functioning. The guide, created jointly with the National Child Traumatic Stress Network, is available in multiple languages and includes handouts for survivors. Online training and a YouTube PFA Channel are available.
• Skills for Psychological Recovery (SPR) Guide
  SPR aims to help survivors gain skills to manage distress and cope with post-disaster stress and adversity. SPR is intended to follow Psychological First Aid (PFA) in the weeks and months following disaster and mass violence events. The guide was created jointly with the National Child Traumatic Stress Network as well as others involved in disaster response; training information is available.
• PFA Mobile
  Following disasters or emergencies, the PFA Mobile app can assist responders who provide Psychological First Aid (PFA) to adults, families, and children.

Helping Specific Populations

• Impact of Disaster on Older Adults
  Describes risk and protective factors among older adults that affect mental health outcomes following a disaster.
• Terrorist Attacks and Children
  Discusses how children respond to events of terrorism, and offers tips for what providers and parents can do to help.
• Disaster Rescue and Response Workers
  Provides information specific to disaster response and recovery workers on work-related stress reactions and offers tips to help.

Disaster and Terrorism Research

• Media Coverage of Traumatic Events: Research on Effects
  Discusses effects of news media coverage on children and adults and suggests guidance providers can offer patients, including children and parents.
• Disasters and Domestic Violence
  Reviews research investigating whether domestic violence (DV) increases after a disaster or if DV influences women's post-disaster recovery.
• Disasters and Substance Abuse or Dependence
  Reviews research on substance use, abuse, and dependence following disasters.

Sexual Trauma

• Sexual Trauma: Information for Women's Medical Providers
  Provides basic information for medical providers working with women who have a history of sexual trauma and includes suggestions on how to prevent distress in patients.
• Sexual Assault Against Females
  Defines sexual assault against females and describes how often it occurs, characteristics of perpetrators, and common reactions.
• Child Sexual Abuse
  Defines child sexual abuse and includes information about prevalence, effects, perpetrator characteristics and safety advice.

All Other

• Community Violence
  Describes the effects of witnessing or experiencing community violence, such as riots, workplace assaults, or other widespread abuse. Includes treatment and prevention information.
• Traumatic Stress and Motor Vehicle Accidents
  Reviews research on the relationship between motor vehicle accidents (MVA) and PTSD, including risk factors and specific MVA treatment considerations.

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